ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TOXICOLOGY, FOUR-VOLUME SET, 1-4

The second edition of the Encyclopedia of Toxicology continues its comprehensive survey of toxicology. This new edition continues to present entries devoted to key concepts and specific chemicals. There has been an increase in entries devoted to international organizations and well-known toxic-related incidents such as Love Canal and Chernobyl. Along with the traditional scientifically based entries, new articles focus on the societal implications of toxicological knowledge including environmental crimes, chemical and biological warfare in ancient times, and a history of the U.S. environmental movement.

With more than 1150 entries, this second edition has been expanded in length, breadth and depth, and provides an extensive overview of the many facets of toxicology

Contents

Esterases Absorption Academy of Toxicological Sciences Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) Accutane ACE Inhibitors Acenaphthene Acephate Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetaminophen Acetamiprid Acetic Acid Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylaminofluorene Acetylcholine Acetylene Acetylsalicylic Acid Acids Aconitum Species Acrolein Acrylamide Acrylic Acid Acrylonitrile Adamsite Adiponitrile Aerosols Aflatoxin Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Agent 15 Agent Orange Aggregate Exposures Alachlor Alar Albuterol Alcoholic Beverages and Alcoholism Aldicarb Aldrin Algae Alkalies Alkyl Halides Allyl Alcohol Allyl Formate a-Methylfentanyl a-Naphthyl Thiourea Aluminum (Al) Aluminum Phosphide Amdro American Academy of Clinical Toxicology American Association of Poison Control Centers American Board of Toxicology American College of Medical Toxicology American College of Toxicology American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists American Industrial Hygiene Association Ames Test 4-Aminobiphenyl Aminoglycosides 4-Aminopyridine Amiodarone Amitraz Ammonia Ammonium Nitrate Ammonium Perchlorate Amphetamine Amphibians Amyl Nitrate Anabolic Steroids Analytical Toxicology Androgens Anesthetic Agents Aniline Animal Models "Animals, Poisonous and Venomous" Antagonism Anthracene Anthrax Anticholinergics Antimony (Sb) Antimony Trioxide Anxiolytics Apoptosis Aquatic Ecotoxicology Aramite Arsenic (As) Arsine Arum Asbestos Ascorbic Acid Aspartame Astemizole Atrazine Atropine Avermectin Avian Ecotoxicology Azamethiphos Azothioprine Azinphos-Methyl Bacillus cereus Bacillus thuringiensis BAL (British Antilewisite) Baneberry "Barbiturates, Long-Acting" "Barbiturates, Short-Acting" Barium (Ba) Baycol Baygon BCNU (Bischloroethyl Nitrosourea) Behavioral Toxicology Belladonna Alkaloids Benadryl Benchmark Dose Benomyl Benzene Benzene Hexachloride Benzidine Benzo(ghi)perylene Benzodiazepines Benzo[a]pyrene Benzyl Alcohol Benzyl Benzoate Benz[a]anthracene Beryllium (Be) Beta Blockers Biguanides Bioaccumulation Biocompatibility Bioconcentration Bioinformatics Biological Exposure Index Biological Warfare and Terrorism: Toxins and Other Agents Biomagnification "Biomarkers, Environmental" "Biomarkers, Human Health" Biomonitoring Biotransformation Bismuth (Bi) Bisphenol A Bleach Blood Boric Acid Boron (B) Botulinum Toxin Brodifacoum Bromethalin Bromine Bromobenzene Bromobenzylcyanide Bromadialone Bromoform Bromotrichloromethane Buckthorn "Butadiene, 1,3-" Butane Busulfan Butter Yellow Butyl Ether Butyl Nitrite Butylamines Butylated Hydroxyanisole Butylated Hydroxytoluene "Butyraldehyde, n-" Butyric Acid Butyronitrile Butyrophenones BZ Cadmium (Cd) Caffeine Calcium Channel Blockers Calomel Camphor Cancer Potency Factor Cannabinoids Captafol Captan Carbamate Pesticides Carbamazepine Carbaryl Carbofuran Carbon Dioxide Carbon Disulfide Carbon Monoxide Carbon Tetrabromide Carbon Tetrachloride Carbonyl Sulfide Carboxylesterases Carboxylic Acids Carcinogen Classification Schemes Carcinogen-DNA Adduct Formation and DNA-Repair Carcinogenesis Cardiovascular System Castor Bean Catecholamines CCA-Treated Wood Cell Proliferation Centipedes Cephalosporins Cerium Charcoal Chemical Accidents Chemical Warfare Agents Chemical-Specific Adjustment Factor (CSAF) Chemicals of Environmental Concern Chloral Hydrate Chlorambucil Chloramphenicol Chlorbenzilate Chlordane Chlordecone Chlordimeform Chlorination Byproducts Chlorine Chlorine Dioxide Chlorobenzene Semustine Chloroform "Chloromethyl Ether, bis-" Chlorophenols Chlorophenoxy Herbicides Chloropicrin Chloroquine Chlorothalonil Chlorpheniramine Chlorpromazine Chlorpyrifos Chlorzoxazone Cholesterol Choline Cholinesterase Inhibition Chromium (Cr) Chromium Hexavalent Compounds Chromosome Aberrations Chrysene Ciguatoxin CIIT Centers for Health Research Cimetidine Ciprofloxacin Cisplatin Clean Air Act Clean Water Act Clinical Chemistry Clofibrate Clonidine Clostridium perfringens Coal Tar Cobalt (Co) Cocaine Codeine Coke Oven Emissions Colchicine Combustion Toxicology Common Mechanism of Toxicity "Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability" Computational Toxicology Coniine Consumer Product Safety Commission Consumer Products Copper (Cu) Corrosives Corticosteroids Cosmetics and Personal Care Products Cotinine Coumarins Creosote Cresols Cromolyn Cumene Cumulative Risk Assessment Cyanamide Cyanide Cyanogen Chloride Cyclodienes Cyclohexamide Cyclohexane Cyclohexene Cyclophosphamide Cyclosporine Cyfluthrin Cypermethrin Cysteine Cytochrome P-450 "2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid)" Limonene Dalapon DDT/DDE/DDD Decane DEET (Diethyltoluamide) DEF Deferoxamine DEHP (Di-Ethyl Hexyl Phthalate) Delaney Clause Deltamethrin Deodorants Detergent Developmental Toxicology Dextromethorphan Diazepam Diazinon Diazoxide Dibenzofuran "Dibenz[a,h]anthracene" Dibromochloropropane Dibutyl phthalate Dicamba Dichlone Dichlorobenzene Dichloroethanes "Dichloroethylene, 1,1-" "Dichloroethylene, 1,2-" "Dichloropropene, 1,3-" Dichlorvos Dieldrin Diesel Exhaust Diesel Fuel Dietary Restriction Dietary Supplements Diethyl Ether Diethylamine Diethylene Glycol Diethylstilbestrol Diflubenzuron "Difluoroethylene, 1,1-" Digitalis Glycosides Dimethoate Dimethyl Sulfoxide Dimethylaminoazobenzene Dimethylmercury Dimethylnitrosamine Dinitroanilines Dinitrophenols Dinitrotoluene Dinoseb Dioctylphthalate "Dioxane, 1,4-" Dioxins Diphenhydramine Diphenoxylate Diphenylchloroarsine Diphenylcyanoarsine Diphenylhydrazine Diphosgene Diquat Disc Batteries Distribution Disulfiram Disulfoton Dithiocarbamates Diuron Dominant Lethal Tests Dose-Response Relationship Drugs of Abuse Dyes E. coli Echinacea Ecotoxicology EDTA Effluent Biomonitoring Emergency Response and Preparedness Endocrine System Endosulfan Endrin/Endrin Aldehyde Environmental Advocacy Groups Environmental Health Environmental Hormone Disruptors Environmental Processes Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Toxicology Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome Ephedra Epichlorohydrin Epidemiology Ergot Erionite Erythromycin "Estrogens, Conjugated" Ethane Ethanol Ethanolamine Ethchlorvynol Ethene Ethionine Ethoxyethanol Ethyl Acetate Ethyl Acrylate Ethyl Bromide Ethyl Dichloroarsine Ethylamine Ethyl Benzene Ethylene Glycol Ethylene Glycol Mono Ethyl Ether Ethylene Glycol Mono-n-Butyl Ether Ethylene Imine Ethylene Oxide European Union and Its European Commission European Society of Toxicology Excretion Exposure Exposure Assessment Exposure Criteria Eye Irritancy Testing "Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act" Fentanyl "Fentanyl Derivatives, Illicit" Fenthion Fenvalerate Fexofenadine Fipronil Fish Consumption Advisory Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) Flavors Fluometuron Fluoride Fluorine Fluoxetine Folic Acid Folpet Food Additives Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Food and Drug Administration Food Quality Protection Act Food Safety and Toxicology "Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act" Foreign Body Response Forensic Toxicology Formaldehyde Formamide Formic Acid Foxglove Fragrances and Perfumes Freons Fuel Oils Fuel Oxygenates Furan Furfural Galactosamine Gallium Gap Junction Intercellular Communication Gasoline Gastrointestinal System GE Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) Genetic Ecotoxicology "Genomics, Toxicogenomics" GF Ginger Jake Ginseng Glutathione Glutethimide Glyceraldehyde Glycerol Glycol Ethers Glyphosate Gold Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) Green Chemistry Guaifenesin Harmonization Hazard Communication Hazard Identification Hazard Ranking Hazardous Waste "Health and Safety Executive, UK" Health Assessments Helium Hematocompatability "Hemlock, Poison" "Hemlock, Water" Heparin Heptachlor/Heptachlor Epoxide Heptane Heptanone Herbal Supplements HERG Heroin Hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobutadiene Hexachlorocyclohexanes Hexachlorocyclopentadiene Hexachlorophene Hexane High Production Volume (HPV) Chemicals Holly Hormesis Host-Mediated Assay Hydrangea Hydraulic Fluids Hydrazine Hydrobromic Acid Hydrochloric Acid Hydrocodone Hydrofluoric Acid Hydrogen Peroxide Hydrogen Sulfide Hydroiodic Acid Hydromorphone "Hydroperoxides, Organic" Hydroquinone Hydroxylamine Hymenoptera "Hypersensitivity, Delayed Type" "Hypoglycemics, Oral" Ibuprofen Imidacloprid Immune System Implant Studies In Vitro Test In Vivo Test Indole Industrial Hygiene Information Resources in Toxicology Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemical Interactive Toxicity Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) International Agency for Research on Cancer International Conference on Harmonization International Fragrance Association (IFRA) International Labor Organization (ILO) International Life Sciences Institute-North America International Programme on Chemical Safety International Society for the Study of Xenobiotics International Society of Exposure Analysis International Union of Toxicology Invertebrate Ecotoxicology Investigative New Drug Application Iodine Iron Isocyanates Isodrin Isoniazid Isophorone Isoprene Isopropanol Ivermectin Jequirity Bean Jet Fuels Jimsonweed Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) Kava Kerosene Kidney LD50/LC50 Lead Levels of Effect in Toxicological Assessment Levothyroxine Lewisites Lidocaine Life Cycle Assessment Lily of the Valley Lindane Linuron Liothyronine Lipid Peroxidation Lithium (Li) Liver Loperamide Lotronex Loxapine LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) Lye Lyme Disease Magnesium Malathion Mancozeb Maneb Manganese Margin of Exposure (MOE) Marijuana Marine Organisms Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) MDMA (Ecstasy) MeCCNU Mechanisms of Toxicity Medical Surveillance Melphalan Meperidine Meprobamate Mercaptans "Mercaptoethanol, 2-" Mercapturic Acid Mercuric Chloride Mercury (Hg) Mescaline Metabonomics Metaldehyde Metallothionein Metals Methadone Methamidophos Methane Methanol Methaqualone Methomyl Methoprene Methoxychlor Methoxyethanol Methoxypsoralen Methyl Acrylate Methyl Bromide Methyl Disulfide Methyl Ether Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Methyl Parathion Methylamine "Methylcholanthrene, 3-" Methyldichloroarsine Methyldopa Methylene Chloride Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Methylmercury Methylnitrosourea Methyprylon Metronidazole Mevinphos Microarray Analysis Micronucleus Assay Microtox Microtox Minoxidil Mirex Mistletoe Mithramycin Mitomycin C "Mixtures, Toxicology and Risk Assessment" Mode of Action Modifying Factors of Toxicity Mold Molecular Toxicology-Recombinant DNA Technology Molinate Molybdenum Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Monosodium Glutamate Monte Carlo Analysis Morning Glory Morphine Mouse Lymphoma Assay Mouthwash Multiple Chemical Sensitivities "Mushrooms, Coprine" "Mushrooms, Cyclopeptide" "Mushrooms, Ibotenic Acid" "Mushrooms, Monomethylhydrazine" "Mushrooms, Muscarine" "Mushrooms, Psilocybin" Mustard Gas Mustard/Lewisite (HL) Genetic Toxicology Mycotoxins N-Nitrosodimethylamine Naled Naphthalene "Naphthylamine, 2-" Naphthylisothiocyanate National Center for Toxicological Research National Environmental Policy Act National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of Health National Library of Medicine/TEHIP National Toxicology Program Nematocides Neon Neonicotinoids Neurotoxicology Niacin Nickel (Ni) and Nickel Compounds Nickel Chloride Nicotine Nithiazine Nitric Oxide Nitrite Inhalants Nitrites Nitrobenzene Nitrocellulose Nitroethane Nitrogen Mustards Nitrogen Oxides Nitrogen Tetraoxide Nitromethane Nitrosamines Nitrous Oxide Noise: Ototraumatic Effects "Non-Lethal Weapons, Chemical" Nonylphenol Norbormide Nutmeg Occupational Safety and Health Act Occupational Safety and Health Administration Occupational Toxicology Octane Octochlorostyrene "Oil, Crude" "Oil, Lubricating" Oleander Opium Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Organochlorine Insecticides "Organophosphate Poisoning, Delayed Neurotoxicity" "Organophosphate Poisoning, Intermediate Syndrome" Organophosphates Organotins Otto Fuel II Oxidative Stress Oxygen Ozone Panomics Paraquat Parathion Paregoric Dosimetry: Adjustments to Applied Dose for Interspecies Extrapola "PBT (Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic) Chemicals" Pendimethalin Penicillin Pentachlorobenzene Pentachloronitrobenzene Pentachlorophenol Pentane Pentazocine Perchlorate Perchloric Acid Periodic Acid Permethrin Wood Dust Peroxisome Proliferators Pesticides Petroleum Distillates Petroleum Ether Petroleum Hydrocarbons Peyote Pharmacokinetic Models Pharmacokinetics/Toxicokinetics Phenacetin Phenanthrene Phenazopyridine Phencyclidine Phenodichloroarsine Phenol Phenothiazines Phenylmercuric Acetate Phenylpropanolamine Phenytoin Phorbol Esters Phosgene Phosgene Oxime Phosphine Phosphoric Acid Phosphorus Photoallergens Photochemical Oxidants Phthalate Ester Plasticizers Physical Hazards Picloram Picric Acid Piperazine Piperonyl Butoxide "Plants, Poisonous" Platinum (Pt) Plutonium (Pu) Poinsettia Poisoning Emergencies in Humans Pokeweed Pollutant Release and Transfer Registries (PRTRs) Pollution Prevention Act "Pollution, Air" "Pollution, Air Indoor" "Pollution, Soil" "Pollution, Water" Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs) Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Polycyclic Aromatic Amines Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polyethylene Glycol Polymers Potassium (K) Potassium Iodide Primidone Procainamide Prometryn Propachlor Propane Propanil Propargite Propazine Propene Propionic Acid Proposition 65 Propoxur Propoxyphene Propylene Glycol Propylene Oxide Prostaglandins Proteomics Prunus Species Pseudoephedrine Psychological Indices of Toxicity Public Health Service Puromycin PUVA Pyrene Pyrethrins/Pyrethroids Pyridine Pyridostigmine Pyridoxine Pyriminil Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids QT Interval Quinidine Quinine Quinoline Quinone "Radiation Toxicology, Ionizing and Non-Ionizing" Radium Radon Ranitidine Red Dye No. 2 Red Phosphorous Red Squill Red Tide Reference Concentration (RfC) Reference Dose (RfD) "Reproductive System, Female" "Reproductive System, Male" Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM) Reserpine Resistance to Toxicants Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Respiratory Tract Rhodium Rhododendron Genus Rhubarb Riboflavin Rifampin "Risk Assessment, Ecological" "Risk Assessment, Human Health" Risk Characterization Risk Communication Risk Management Risk Perception Rotenone Saccharin Safe Drinking Water Act Safety Pharmacology Saint John's Wort Salicylates Salmonella Sarin Saxitoxin Scombroid Scorpions Selenium (Se) Sensitivity Analysis Sensory Organs Sertraline Hydrochloride Sesqui Mustard Shampoo "Shellfish Poisoning, Paralytic" Shigella Sick Building Syndrome "Silica, Crystalline" Silver (Ag) Sister Chromatid Exchanges Skeletal System Skin "Snake, Crotalidae" "Snake, Elapidae" Snakes Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Society for Risk Analysis (SRA) Society of Toxicology Sodium (Na) Sodium Fluoroacetate Sodium Sulfite Solanum Genus Soman Soots Speed "Spider, Black Widow" "Spider, Brown Recluse" Spiders SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors) Staphylococcus aureus State Regulation of Consumer Products Statistics Stoddard Solvent Strontium Structure-Activity Relationships Strychnine Styrene Sudan Grass Sulfites Sulfur Dioxide Sulfur Trioxide-Chlorosulfonic Acid Sulfuric Acid "Surfactants, Anionic and Nonionic" "Surfactants, Perfluorinated" Synergism "2,4,5,-T" Tabun Talc Tamoxifen Tannic Acid TCDD (Teflon and perfluroisobutylene) Tear Gases Tellurium Terbutaline Terfenadine Terrestrial Ecotoxicology Tetrabromobisphenol A Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Tetrachlorvinphos Tetrahydrofuran Tetranitromethane Tetrodotoxin Thalidomide Thallium (Tl) Theophylline Thiamine Thiazide Diuretics Thioacetamide Thiomerosal Thiotepa Thioxanthenes Thiram Thorium Dioxide and Thorium Thyroid Extract Tin (Sn) Tissue Repair Titanium Titanium Tetrachloride Tobacco Tobacco Smoke Toluene Toluene Diisocyanate Toluidine Ricin and other Toxalbumins Toxaphene Toxic Substances Control Act Toxic Torts "Toxicity Testing, Alternatives" "Toxicity Testing, Aquatic" "Toxicity Testing, Behavioral" "Toxicity Testing, Carcinogenesis" "Toxicity Testing, Dermal" "Toxicity Testing, Developmental" "Toxicity Testing, Inhalation" "Toxicity Testing, Irritation" "Toxicity Testing, Modeling" "Toxicity Testing, Mutagenicity" "Toxicity Testing, Reproductive" "Toxicity Testing, Sensitization" "Toxicity, Acute" "Toxicity, Chronic" "Toxicity, Subchronic" Toxicology "Toxicology, Education and Careers" "Toxicology, History of" Trade Associations Transgenic Animals Triadimefon Trichlorfon Trichloroethane Trichloroethylene Tricyclic Antidepressants Trifluralin Trihalomethanes Trinitrotoluenes Tungsten Turpentine Uncertainty Analysis Uncertainty Factors UNEP Chemicals Uranium (U) Urea Urethane United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) V-Gas Valproic Acid Vanadium Vanillin VE Veterinary Toxicology VG Vinyl Acetate Vinyl Bromide Vinyl Chloride Vinylidene Chloride Virtually Safe Dose (VSD) Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E VM Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) VX Warfarin Wisteria Workplace Environmental Exposure Levels (WEELs) Xenobiotics Xylene Xyrem Yew Yohimbine Zinc (Zn) Zinc Oxide "Safety Testing, Clinical Studies" "Toxicity Testing, Validation" Genetically Engineered Products Global Environmental Change Pharmaceuticals in the Environment Aneuploidy Tacrine Selamectin Minamata Great Smog of London Itai-Itai N-methylpyrrolidone Peptide Coupling Agents DNA Phosphoramidites Occupational Exposure Limits Arts and Crafts Materials and Processes National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH) Curare Department of Defense Diazoaminobenzene Department of Energy (DOE) Drinking Water Criteria Environmental Crimes Grain Incidents Iatrogenic Disease Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) values "Hazardous Chemicals, Import/Export of" Islip Garbage Barge Mad Cow Disease Oxalates Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) Persisent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Risk Based Corrective Action (RBCA) Recommended Exposure Limits (REL) Sulfates Texas City Disaster United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Silent Spring Love Canal Exxon Valdez Donora Chernobyl Wildlife Toxicology Three Mile Island Cuyahoga River Material Safety Data Sheets and Chemical Hazard Communication Society for Chemical Hazard Communication Killer Lakes Times Beach Valley of the Drums Perfluoroisobutene Riot Control Agents Redbook European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment (TERA) Estrogen Mimics "S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine" "Diabetes, Effect of Toxicity" Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Heat Shock Proteins Cell Cycle Trans Fatty Acids Biocides Alkanolamines Lanthanide Series of Metals International Organization of the Flavor Industry (IOFI) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Cesium Nanotechnology Nails (of the Fingers and Toes) Famous Poisoners and Poisoning Cases "Regulation, Toxicology and" "Toxicology, Intuitive" Hair Methyl Isocyanate Bhopal Seveso Ancient Warfare and Toxicology Inert Ingriedients Bioremediation Bioremediation Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents Homobatrachotoxin Chemical Warfare During WW1 Chemical Warfare Delivery Systems Toxicology Forum Nerve Agents Blister Agents/Vesicants G-Series Nerve Agents V-Series Nerve Agents: Other than VX