The Cognitive Neurosciences

Each edition of this classic reference has proved to be a benchmark in the developing field of cognitive neuroscience. The fourth edition of The Cognitive Neurosciences continues to chart new directions in the study of the biologic underpinnings of complex cognition—the relationship between the structural and physiological mechanisms of the nervous system and the psychological reality of the mind. The material in this edition is entirely new, with all chapters written specifically for it.

Since the publication of the third edition, the field of cognitive neuroscience has made rapid and dramatic advances; fundamental stances are changing and new ideas are emerging. This edition reflects the vibrancy of the field, with research in development and evolution that finds a dynamic growth pattern becoming specific and fixed, and research in plasticity that sees the neuronal systems always changing; exciting new empirical evidence on attention that also verifies many central tenets of longstanding theories; work that shows the boundaries of the motor system pushed further into cognition; memory research that, paradoxically, provides insight into how humans imagine future events; pioneering theoretical and methodological work in vision; new findings on how genes and experience shape the language faculty; new ideas about how the emotional brain develops and operates; and research on consciousness that ranges from a novel mechanism for how the brain generates the baseline activity necessary to sustain conscious experience to a bold theoretical attempt to make the problem of qualia more tractable.

DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION
Introduction
Pasko Rakic and Leo M. Chalupa 3
1 Development of the Primate Cerebral Cortex
Pasko Rakic, Jon I. Arellano and Joshua Breunig 7
2 Early Development of Neuronal Circuitry of the Human Prefrontal Cortex
Ivica Kostović and Miloš Judaš 29
3 The Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Uniqueness
Todd M. Preuss 49
4 Unraveling the Role of Neuronal Activity in the Formation of Eye-Specific Connections
Leo M. Chalupa and Andrew D. Huberman 67
5 Brain Changes Underlying the Development of Cognitive Control and Reasoning
Silvia A. Bunge, Allyson P. Mackey and Kirstie J. Whitaker 73
II PLASTICITY
Introduction
Helen Neville and Mriganka Sur 89
6 Patterning and Plasticity of Maps in the Mammalian Visual Pathway
Sam Horng and Mriganka Sur 91
7 Synaptic Plasticity and Spatial Representations in the Hippocampus
Jonathan R. Whitlock and Edvard I. Moser 109
8 Visual Cortical Plasticity and Perceptual Learning
Wu Li and Charles D. Gilbert 129
9 Characterizing and Modulating Neuroplasticity of the Adult Human Brain
Alvaro Pascual-Leone 141
10 Exercising Your Brain: Training-Related Brain Plasticity
Daphne Bavelier, C. Shawn Green and Matthew W. G. Dye 153
11 Profiles of Development and Plasticity in Human Neurocognition
Courtney Stevens and Helen Neville 165
III ATTENTION
Introduction
Steven J. Luck and George R. Mangun 185
12 Attention: Theoretical and Psychological Perspectives
Anne Treisman 189
13 Mechanisms of Selective Attention in the Human Visual System
Evidence from Neuroimaging
Sabine Kastner, Stephanie A. McMains and Diane M. Beck 205
14 The Frontoparietal Attention Network
Maurizio Corbetta, Chad M. Sylvester and Gordon L. Shulman 219
15 Spatiotemporal Analysis of Visual Attention
Jens-Max Hopf, Hans-Jochen Heinze, Mircea A. Schoenfeld and Steven A. Hillyard 235
16 Integration of Conflict Detection and Attentional Control Mechanisms
Combined ERP and fMRI Studies
George R. Mangun, Clifford D. Saron and Bong J. Walsh 251
17 A Right Perisylvian Neural Network for Human Spatial Orienting
Hans-Otto Karnath 259
18 Spatial Deficits and Selective Attention
Lynn C. Robertson 269
19 The Effect of Attention on the Responses of Individual Visual Neurons
John H.R. Maunsell 281
20 Selective Attention Through Selective Neuronal Synchronization
Thilo Womelsdorf and Pascal Fries 289
IV SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
Introduction
J. Anthony Movshon and B. A. Wandell 305
21 Grandmother Cells, Symmetry, and Invariance
How the Term Arose and What the Facts Suggest
Horace Barlow 309
22 Olfaction: From Percept to Molecule
Yaara Yeshurun, Hadas Lapid, Rafi Haddad, Shani Gelstien, Anat Arzi, Lee Sela, Aharon Weisbrod, Rehan Khan and Noam Sobel 321
23 Auditory Masking with Complex Stimuli
Virginia M. Richards and Gerald Kidd, Jr. 343
24 Insights into Human Auditory Processing Gained from Perceptual Learning
Beverly A. Wright and Yuxuan Zhang 353
25 Auditory Object Analysis
Timothy D. Griffiths, Sukhbinder Kumar, Katharina von Kriegstein, Tobias Overath, Klaas E. Stephan and Karl J. Friston 367
26 The Cone Photoreceptor Mosaic in Normal and Defective Color Vision
Joseph Carroll, Geunyoung Yoon and David R. Williams 383
27 Bayesian Approaches to Color Vision
David H. Brainard 395
28 Wiring of Receptive Fields and Functional Maps in Primary Visual Cortex
Dario L. Ringach 409
29 Encoding and Decoding with Neural Populations in the Primate Cortex
Eyal Seidemann, Yuzhi Chen and Wilson S. Geisler 419
30 Perceptual Filling-in
From Experimental Data to Neural Network Modeling
Rainer Goebel and Peter De Weerd 435
31 Neural Transformation of Object Information by Ventral Pathway Visual Cortex
Charles E. Connor, Anitha Pasupathy, Scott Brincat and Yukako Yamane 455
32 The Cognitive and Neural Development of Face Recognition in Humans
Elinor McKone, Kate Crookes and Nancy Kanwisher 467
33 Roles of Visual Area MT in Depth Perception
Gregory C. DeAngelis 483
34 Multisensory Integration for Heading Perception in Macaque Visual Cortex
Dora E. Angelaki, Yong Gu and Gregory C. DeAngelis 499
35 Visual Stability During Saccadic Eye Movements
Concetta Morrone and David Burr 511
36 Optimal Estimation in Sensory Systems
Eero P. Simoncelli 525
V MOTOR SYSTEMS
Introduction
Scott T. Grafton and Emilio Bizzi 539
37 Neurobiology of Coordinate Transformations
Emilio Bizzi and Ferdinando A. Mussa-Ivaldi 541
38 Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Circuits with the Cerebral Cortex
Richard P. Dum and Peter L. Strick 553
39 The Basal Ganglia and Cognition
Ann M. Graybiel and Jonathan W. Mink 565
40 Computational Neuroanatomy of Voluntary Motor Control
Reza Shadmehr and John W. Krakauer 587
41 Forward Models and State Estimation in Posterior Parietal Cortex
Grant H. Mulliken and Richard A. Andersen 599
42 Parallels Between Sensory and Motor Information Processing
Emanuel Todorov 613
43 The Mirror Neuron System
A Motor-Based Mechanism for Action and Intention Understanding
Giacomo Rizzolatti, Leonardo Fogassi and Vittorio Gallese 625
44 Relative Hierarchies and the Representation of Action
S. T. Grafton, L. Aziz-Zadeh and R. B. Ivry 641
VI MEMORY
Introduction
Daniel L. Schacter 655
45 Comparative Analysis of the Cortical Afferents, Intrinsic Projections, and Interconnections of the Parahippocampal Region in Monkeys and Rats
Wendy A. Suzuki 659
46 Medial Temporal Lobe Function and Human Memory
Yael Shrager and Larry R. Squire 675
47 Reconsolidation
A Possible Bridge between Cognitive and Neuroscientific Views of Memory
Karim Nader 691
48 The Dynamic Interplay between Cognitive Control and Memory
Elizabeth A. Race, Brice A. Kuhl, David Badre and Anthony D. Wagner 705
49 Phases of Influence
How Emotion Modulates the Formation and Retrieval of Declarative Memories
Elizabeth A. Kensinger 725
50 Individual Differences in the Engagement of the Cortex during an Episodic Memory Task
Michael B. Miller 739
51 Constructive Memory and the Simulation of Future Events
Daniel L. Schacter, Donna Rose Addis and Randy L. Buckner 751
VII LANGUAGE
Introduction
Alfonso Caramazza 765
52 The Cortical Organization of Phonological Processing
Gregory Hickok 767
53 Morphological Processes in Language Production
Kevin A. Shapiro and Alfonso Caramazza 777
54 Ventral and Dorsal Contributions to Word Reading
Laurent Cohen and Stanislas Dehaene 789
55 The Neural Basis of Syntactic Processing
David Caplan 805
56 Semantic Unification
Peter Hagoort, Giosuè Baggio and Roel M. Willems 819
57 Early Language Acquisition
Neural Substrates and Theoretical Models
Patricia K. Kuhl 837
58 Genetics of Language
Franck Ramus and Simon E. Fisher 855
59 The Biology and Evolution of Language
"Deep Homology" and the Evolution of Innovation
W. Tecumseh Fitch 873
VIII THE EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL BRAIN
Introduction
Todd F. Heatherton and Joseph E. LeDoux 887
60 Ontogeny of Infant Fear Learning and the Amygdala
Regina M. Sullivan, Stephanie Moriceau, Charlis Raineki and Tania L. Roth 889
61 Emotional Reaction and Action
From Threat Processing to Goal-Directed Behavior
Joseph LeDoux, Daniela Schiller and Christopher Cain 905
62 Interactions of Emotion and Attention in Perception
Patrik Vuilleumier and Tobias Brosch 925
63 Context Effects and the Amygdala
Paul J. Whalen and F. Caroline Davis 935
64 Neurogenetic Studies of Variability in Human Emotion
Ahmad R. Hariri 945
65 Components of a Social Brain
Jason P. Mitchell and Todd F. Heatherton 953
66 The Neural Basis of Emotion Regulation
Making Emotion Work for You and Not Against You
Jennifer S. Beer 961
67 Sharing the Emotions of Others: The Neural Bases of Empathy
Tania Singer and Susanne Leiberg 973
68 The Cognitive Neuroscience of Moral Judgment
Joshua D. Greene 987
IX HIGHER COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS
Introduction
Elizabeth A. Phelps 1003
69 Prefrontal Substrate of Human Relational Reasoning
Barbara J. Knowlton and Keith J. Holyoak 1005
70 Decision Making and Prefrontal Executive Function
Christopher Summerfield and Etienne Koechlin 1019
71 Circuits in Mind: The Neural Foundations for Object Concepts
Alex Martin 1031
72 Semantic Cognition
Its Nature, Its Development, and Its Neural Basis
James L. McClelland, Timothy T. Rogers, Karalyn Patterson, Katia Dilkina and Matthew Lambon Ralph 1047
73 Two Views of Brain Function
Marcus E. Raichle 1067
74 The Neuroeconomics of Simple Goal-Directed Choice (Circa 2008)
Antonio Rangel 1075
75 Neuroeconomics and the Study of Valuation
Paul W. Glimcher 1085
76 Emotion and Decision Making
Elizabeth A. Phelps and Mauricio R. Delgado 1093
X CONSCIOUSNESS
Introduction
Christof Koch 1107
77 Comparing the Major Theories of Consciousness
Ned Block 1111
78 Recovery of Consciousness after Brain Injury
An Integrative Research Paradigm for the Cognitive Neuroscience of Consciousness
Nicholas D. Schiff 1123
79 The Neurobiology of Consciousness
Christof Koch 1137
80 Visual Awareness
Geraint Rees 1151
81 The Role of Feedback in Visual Attention and Awareness
Stephen L. Macknik and Susana Martinez-Conde 1165
82 Emotion and Consciousness
Michael Koenigs and Ralph Adolphs 1181
83 Volition and the Function of Consciousness
Hakwan Lau 1191
84 Toward a Theory of Consciousness
Guilio Tononi and David Balduzzi 1201
XI PERSPECTIVES
85 Mapping Cognitive Neuroscience
Two-Dimensional Perspectives on Twenty Years of Cognitive Neuroscience Research
John T. Bruer 1221
86 Reflections on the Cognitive Neuroscience of Language
Sheila E. Blumstein 1235
87 Why the Imagery Debate Won’t Go Away
Stephen M. Kosslyn, William L. Thompson and Giorgio Ganis 1241
88 Looking Toward the Future
Perspectives on Examining the Architecture and Function of the Human Brain as a Complex System
Michael S. Gazzaniga, Karl W. Doron and Chadd M. Funk 1247
89 The Landscape of Cognitive Neuroscience
Challenges, Rewards, and New Perspectives
Elissa M. Aminoff, Daniela Balslev, Paola Borroni, Ronald E. Bryan, Elizabeth F. Chua, Jasmin Cloutier, Emily S. Cross, Trafton Drew, Chadd M. Funk, Ricardo Gil-da-Costa, Scott A. Guerin, Julie L. Hall, Kerry E. Jordan, Ayelet N. Landau, Istvan Molnar-Szakacs, Leila Montaser-Kouhsari, Jonas K. Olofsson, Susanne Quadflieg, Leah H. Somerville, Jocelyn L. Sy, Lucina Q. Uddin and Makiko Yamada